Munro et al. 1992: 105. Polysemy: 'stand up / stand / be standing'. Plural form: uː=vʔoː-.
Cocopa:p=ʔaː1
Crawford 1989: 227. Polysemy: 'stand / be standing / stop'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: =p=u=ʔˈaː.
Yavapai:β=skʷˈi(ˑ)2
Shaterian 1983: 396, 437, 452, 617. Glossed as 'stand up'. Derived from skʷˈí 'stand up (transitive)' [Shaterian 1983: 162] with the inchoative/punctual prefix β=. Cf. also tkˈéˑβ-i '(we) stand up' [Shaterian 1983: 357, 617].
Jamul Tiipay:p=ʔaw1
Miller 2001: 25, 43, 62, 91, 96-97, 109. Polysemy: 'to stand / step / (for rain) to fall'. Plural stem: p=u=ʔˈaːw [Miller 2001: 108]. Cf. also the verb t̪=yaw 'be standing / be located (tall object)' that may be used as main verb, but functions also as a "locational auxiliary" [Miller 2001: 281].
Munro et al. 1992: 74. Polysemy: 'star / daisy-like plant with purple and white flowers / type of weed whose leaves and shoots are eaten roasted'. Cf. ʔamʔuse 'star (song word)' [Munro et al. 1992: 22].
Cocopa:kʷ=ʎ̥ap2
Crawford 1989: 80. Polysemy: 'star / that which is hot'. Word class: noun. Derived from the verb ʎ̥ap 'to be hot' with the nominalizer kʷ=.
Yavapai:hˌam(m)sˈíˑ1
Shaterian 1983: 447, 463, 484, 617.
Jamul Tiipay:
Not attested.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:kʷǝ=n̪mǝsaːp3
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 29. Glossed as 'star(s)'. Nominalization of the form n̪ǝmǝsap 'all night, until dawn' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 34], connected by rules of sound-symbolism to the verb n̪ǝmǝʂap (pl. n̪ǝmǝʂaːp) 'is white, light-colored, gray' [ibid.].
Number:81
Word:stone
Mojave:ʔa=viː1
Munro et al. 1992: 35. Polysemy: 'rock / mountain / money'. Short form: viː.
Cocopa:xuːɾ2
Crawford 1989: 370. Polysemy: 'rock / gravel / pebble / boulder'. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: wiː 'metal / knife / rock / mountain' [Crawford 1989: 335]. Examination of contexts shows that wiː denotes a very large boulder or rock [Crawford 1983: 104-107, 322-327, 410-411, 466-469, 472-473], whereas xuːɾ is an average-size stone that one can pick up and throw [Crawford 1983: 112-113, 178-179].
Munro et al. 1992: 16. Plural forms: ʔa=ha-ʎ a=ʔoːp-č-, ʔa=ha-ʎ t=uː=ʔuːp-, ʔa=ha-ʎ t=uː=ʔuːp-č-. ʔa=ha-ʎ is the locative case form of 'water' (q.v.), used as a particle before certain verbs. Secondary synonym: uː=ʔoːp-k 'dive, swim' (derived from the same root) [Munro et al. 1992: 189].
Cocopa:xaʎ̥ nup2
Crawford 1989: 341. Polysemy: 'swim / bathe'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: xa-ʎ̥ ʔu=nˈup. Consists of xa-ʎ̥ 'in the water' and nup 'be all the way in' [Crawford 1989: 151]. Secondary synonym: xa kʔaːm 'swim' [Crawford 1989: 340]. Cocopa texts in [Crawford 1983] show that xaʎ̥ nup is the most frequent synonym for 'to swim'.
Yavapai:ʔhˌa...θpˈuˑyi3
Shaterian 1983: 337, 445, 461, 473, 621. Polysemy: 'bathe / swim / wash oneself'. Contains ʔ=hˈá 'water'. Distinct from ʔhˌačˈâːβk yˈâki ~ ʔhˌačˈâˑβk yˈaki 'float / swim' [Shaterian 1983: 379, 472, 621], literally 'lie on top of the water'.
Jamul Tiipay:xa=nˈup2
Miller 2001: 75. Polysemy: 'to bathe / swim'. xa= is an incorporated element related to noun xa 'water' q.v.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:aː=puɬ4
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 8. Glossed as 'swims'. Plural: a=čǝ=puːɬ.
Number:84
Word:tail
Mojave:iː=ʔar1
Munro et al. 1992: 83.
Cocopa:š=yuʎ̥2
Crawford 1989: 313. Word class: noun. According to [Crawford 1989: 383], derived from yuʎ̥ 'insert something long, something long to penetrate'. Cf. also š=iː=yˈuʎ̥ 'handle (e.g., of a cup)' [Crawford 1989: 299].
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 23. Glossed as 'his tail'.
Number:85
Word:that
Mojave:hova-č1
Munro et al. 1992: 79; Munro 1976: 29-32. Glossed as 'that / that one / he / she / it'. Object form: hova-ɲ. According to [Munro 1976: 29], Mojave has three demonstrative stems: viða-, hova-, and ɲa-. The difference between them can be summarized as follows: viða- "refers to things or people near the speaker", hova- - "to things further off", ɲa- is "the neutral demonstrative, generally used to refer to definite items for which a clear context has already been established within the discourse", it "does not specify anything about its referent's location" [ibid.].
Cocopa:ʂuː- ~ ʔu=ʂˈuː-2
Crawford 1989: 284. Word class: pronoun. Cocopa has a ternary system of demonstrative pronouns: piː- 'this nearby', puː- 'that nearby', and ʂuː- 'that far away' [Crawford 1966: 109].
Yavapai:ɲ=θˈa- #3
Shaterian 1983: 499, 506, 623. Example: ɲθˈá mˈátl mčˈáˑyβkm 'there's hunger in that land' [Shaterian 1983: 506]. Another candidate is ɲˈu- 'that' [Shaterian 1983: 498, 623].
Jamul Tiipay:puː4
Miller 2001: 151. Jamul Tiipay has a three-way distinction among demonstrative pronouns: pǝyˈa 'this one, these (right here)', ɲip 'that one, those (middle distance)', puː 'that one, those (farther away)'.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:puː4
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 40. Polysemy: 'that / that one / him / her / it'. Secondary synonym: nʸip 'that (right close) that you can see' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 36]. The basic opposition in the Mesa Grande demonstrative system is between pǝyaː (pl. pǝya-p) 'this' and puː (pl. pu-p) 'that'. According to [Langdon 1970: 146], "[a] third demonstrative nʸip 'that (other) one' is used much less frequently, does not have a plural form, and its use in Mesa Grande dialect may well be a case of dialect mixture, as it seems to be of much more frequent occurrence in adjoining dialects.".
Number:86
Word:this
Mojave:viða-č1
Munro et al. 1992: 200; Munro 1976: 29-32. Glossed as 'this / this one / he / she / it'. Object form: viða-ɲ. For further notes, see 'that'.
Cocopa:piː ~ ʔu=pˈiː1
Crawford 1989: 212. Word class: pronoun. See notes on 'that'.
Yavapai:βyˈa- #1
Shaterian 1983: 440, 513, 624. Another candidate is ɲ=βˈa- 'this' [Shaterian 1983: 499].
Jamul Tiipay:pǝyˈa1
Miller 2001: 151. Jamul Tiipay has a three-way distinction among demonstrative pronouns: pǝyˈa 'this one, these (right here)', ɲip 'that one, those (middle distance)', puː 'that one, those (farther away)'.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:pǝyaː1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 39. Glossed as 'this (one)'.
Crawford 1989: 123. Polysemy: 'thou / you (plural)'. Word class: pronoun. Object form: ma-pˈu-ɲ. Formally, -pˈu- is the root with the meaning 'nearby' [Crawford 1966: 107].
Yavapai:mˈaː-č1
Shaterian 1983: 479, 639. Singular subject form.
Jamul Tiipay:maː-č1
Miller 2001: 150. Subject form. Absolute form: maː-p ~ mˈaː-pa.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:maː1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 30. Glossed as 'you'.
Number:88
Word:tongue
Mojave:iː=paʎ1
Munro et al. 1992: 99.
Cocopa:m=paʎ̥1
Crawford 1989: 141. Word class: noun. m= is a desemanticized prefix [Crawford 1989: 116].
Miller 2001: 21, 28, 78, 80-81. The word for 'tongue' is xǝ=n=pˈaɬ in the speech of the main informant (Mrs. Walker), but xǝ=n=pˈaʎ̥ in the speech of another informant, Mrs. Dumas [Miller 2001: 28].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ǝ=n̪ǝ=paɬ1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 17. Glossed as 'his tongue'.
Number:89
Word:tooth
Mojave:iː=ðoː1
Munro et al. 1992: 88. Short form: ðoː.
Cocopa:ʔi=yˈa1
Crawford 1989: 409. Polysemy: 'mouth / language / tooth / lip'. Word class: noun. The synchronic polysemy 'mouth / tooth' is apparently a result of a phonetic coincidence (and/or contamination) of two separate Proto-Yuman roots: 'mouth / language' and 'tooth'. There is a variant form ʔi=yˌa-wˈiː 'tooth / front teeth' [Crawford 1989: 410]. It is apparently a compound of ʔi=yˈa 'tooth' and wiː 'metal / knife / rock / mountain' (formerly 'stone'), introduced to reduce homonymy.
Yavapai:yˈoˑ1
Shaterian 1983: 516, 517, 626.
Jamul Tiipay:
Not attested.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ǝ=yaːw1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 18. Glossed as 'his tooth, teeth'.
Number:90
Word:tree
Mojave:
Not attested properly. Cf., however, ʔa=ʔiː 'wood / firewood'. The following entries from the dictionary suggest that this word may refer to 'tree' as well: ʔaʔiː čakik 'nut tree', ʔaʔiː tapluːqas 'branch of a tree' [Munro et al. 1992: 13].
Cocopa:ʔayˈaː1
Crawford 1989: 395. Polysemy: 'willow (Salix spp.) / tree'. Word class: noun. Distinct from ʔiː 'wood' [Crawford 1989: 399].
Munro et al. 1992: 77. Glossed as 'be two / be with / be married to'. As noted in [Munro 1976: 106], "Mojave numerals are all underlyingly verbs".
Cocopa:x=wak1
Crawford 1989: 371. Glossed as 'be two'. Word class: intransitive verb. For the morphological segmentation cf. the derived noun x=aː=wˈak 'twins' [Crawford 1989: 347].
Yavapai:hwˈâk-i1
Shaterian 1983: 470, 523, 628.
Jamul Tiipay:xǝ=wˈak1
Miller 2001: 16, 68, 98, 123, 312-313, 341. Polysemy: 'to be two / be two with'. The word for 'two' is xǝ=wˈak in the speech of the main informant (Mrs. Walker), but x=wak in the speech of another informant, Mrs. Dumas [Miller 2001: 25].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:xǝ=wak1
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 23. Glossed as 'are two'.
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Mojave:i=ye-m-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 110. Polysemy: 'go / leave'. Plural forms: ta=ye-m-, ta=ye-m-č-. Secondary synonym: i=yaː-k 'go / fetch, go after' (related to i=ye-m-k). Plural forms: i=yaː-č-, aweː-č-. [Munro et al. 1992: 109].
Cocopa:ʔaː1
Crawford 1989: 385-386. Glossed as 'go, move in space or time away from a point of reference'. Word class: intransitive verb. 3rd person form: w=a.
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 53. Glossed as 'goes'. Plural: n̪=aː. Distinct from w=amp (pl. ǝw=amp) 'walks' [ibid.].
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Mojave:i=piʎ-k ~ i=piːʎ-k1
Munro et al. 1992: 99. Glossed as 'be hot'. Plural form: i=piʎ-č-. Distinct from i=piːɲ- ~ i=piɲ- 'be warm' (plural form: i=piːɲ-č-) [Munro et al. 1992: 99].
Cocopa:ʎ̥ap2
Crawford 1989: 103. Polysemy: 'be hot or heated / have a fever'. Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from piɲ 'be warm' [Crawford 1989: 214].
Yavapai:(ʔ)=rˈu-(y)i3
Shaterian 1983: 511, 571. Glossed as 'hot'. Related to 'dry' q.v. Distinct from mwˈe 'warm' [Shaterian 1983: 487, 521, 631].
Jamul Tiipay:ʎ̥ap2
Miller 2001: 76, 94, 130, 240. Glossed as 'to be hot / burn (intr.)'. Distinct from pin 'to be warm' [Miller 2001: 126, 138].
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:wǝ=ɹaːw3
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 55. Glossed as 'is hot'. Distinct from pin̪ǝ=piːn̪ 'is lukewarm, tepid' [Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 40].
Number:94
Word:water
Mojave:ʔa=ha1
Munro et al. 1992: 15. Short form: ha. Secondary synonym: ʔa=ha-vir ~ ha-vir 'stream / river / water' (a compound of ʔa=ha 'water' and i=ves- (pl. va=ʔa=ver) 'run') [Munro et al. 1992: 18, 106].
Crawford 1989: 96. Polysemy: 'something / someone / what / who'. Word class: pronoun. Another candidate is luːp 'something / someone / what / who' [Crawford 1989: 96]. According to [Crawford 1989: 96], luːɲ "[h]as a more specific reference than" luːp. The difference between the two pronouns can be illustrated by the following examples: luːɲ kayˈumm '(I wonder) what it was that happened', luːp kayˈumm '(I wonder) if something happened'; luːɲ kayˈu ʔač ʔam 'what did he say is happening?', luːp kayˈu ʔač ʔam 'did he say something happened?'. However, in many cases both luːɲ and luːp are translated as 'what / who': luːɲč ʔuyˈum 'who is he?', luːpč ʔuyˈum 'who is he?' [Crawford 1989: 96].
Yavapai:kˈa-β3
Shaterian 1983: 385, 634. Polysemy: 'what? / how?'. Example: mčtˈáɲ kˌaβ ʔˈíʔ 'what did your father say?' [Shaterian 1983: 117]. -β is a demonstrative suffix [Shaterian 1983: 106-107].
Jamul Tiipay:maːyˈiːč4
Miller 2001: 174. Polysemy: 'what? / something / anything'.
Mesa Grande 'Iipay:ʔuːč5
Couro & Hutcheson 1973: 6.
Number:97
Word:white
Mojave:ɲa=ma=sav-1
Munro et al. 1992: 148. Glossed as 'be white'.
Cocopa:xm=aːʎ̥2
Crawford 1989: 358. Glossed as 'be white'. Word class: intransitive verb. There are two third person forms with slightly different meanings, cf. qʷaqš xm=w=aʎ̥ 'the horse is pale yellow or off-white', qʷaqš x=u=mˈaːʎ̥ 'the horse is (pure) white (as if painted white)'. Therefore, synchronically the root vacillates between =aːʎ̥ and =maːʎ̥.
Yavapai:(ɲ)=m=sˈaβ-i1
Shaterian 1983: 500, 635. Connected by rules of sound-symbolism to ɲ=m=θˈaβ-i 'grey' [Shaterian 1983: 500, 566]. Cf. sˈaβ-a 'white' [Shaterian 1983: 449].
Crawford 1989: 96. Polysemy: 'something / someone / what / who'. Word class: pronoun. Another candidate is luːp 'something / someone / what / who' [Crawford 1989: 96]. According to [Crawford 1989: 96], luːɲ "[h]as a more specific reference than" luːp. The difference between the two pronouns can be illustrated by the following examples: luːɲ kayˈumm '(I wonder) what it was that happened', luːp kayˈumm '(I wonder) if something happened'; luːɲ kayˈu ʔač ʔam 'what did he say is happening?', luːp kayˈu ʔač ʔam 'did he say something happened?'. However, in many cases both luːɲ and luːp are translated as 'what / who': luːɲč ʔuyˈum 'who is he?', luːpč ʔuyˈum 'who is he?' [Crawford 1989: 96]. Cf. also makˈa- 'unspecified or indefinite person, place, direction, object, etc.', "[s]ometimes interchangeable with" luːɲ: makˈač myuč 'who are you?', makˈač ʔuyˈum 'who is he?' [Crawford 1989: 119].
Yavapai:β=kˈa1
Shaterian 1983: 435, 635. Example: βkaʔ mʔˈúːʔ 'who(m) do you see?' [Shaterian 1983: 105]. β= is a demonstrative prefix [Shaterian 1983: 106].
Jamul Tiipay:mǝʔˈap3
Miller 2001: 174. Polysemy: 'who? / someone'. The word for 'who? / someone' is mǝʔˈap in the speech of the main informant (Mrs. Walker), but map (a reduced form of mǝʔˈap) in the speech of another informant, Mrs. Dumas.
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